'The Hindu' Analysis for 13th August, 2020. (Current Affairs for UPSC/IAS)

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For question on ASCI, the correct answer should be C if all the points i.e. 1,2 & 3 are correct

1) Many global economies are racing forward developing an efficient vaccine against the covid 19 pandemic. Recently the Russian government approved a vaccine which is considered to be safe and efficient.

India also are at the forefront on developing an effective vaccine. The Pune serum institute had already tied up with the pharmaceutical company called Astrazeneca for the mass production of a vaccine founded by the Oxford.
The Hyderabad situated Bharat Biotech are also conducting trials on covaxin.

The WHO and the GAVI alliance also lend a hand for the development of vaccines.

Even though the countries are progressing and hopes started to gleam, the idea of vaccine nationalism posses a treat to the global equity and ethics.

Developed nations using their money power signs agreements with pharmaceutical companies ensuring the availability of the vaccine for themselves. In a multi lateral world these activities are immoral and it affects the underdeveloped and developing countries which are at higher risks of the pandemic.

So the emerging vaccine nationalism ignores the ethnic dimensions and the development efforts are concerned only with the geopolitical dimensions as the procurement of vaccine can shift the balance of power of an economy.

But more than the development of vaccine a proper strategy for the implementation and vaccination upholding the ethical dimensions are mandatory.

India should come up with a vaccine strategy including a moral vaccine procurement, vaccine delivery and vaccine administration.

India should take note on the ethnic and geopolitical dimensions and should implement fair and equitable vaccination.

Priority of vaccination should be given to the frontline workers, doctors, nurses, sanitation workers, elders, co morbid patients, children and finally to the uninfected population.

India should reconstruct the Universal Immunisation programme as it ensures only the pregnant women and children for vaccination.

A new vaccine delivery platform should be implemented which should tackle the burgeoning challenges, and an innovative strategy fort the mass production of vaccines.

The recent move of the government in setting up the V.K Paul commitee which held discussions on the vaccination policy is appreciated.

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India has been successfully eradicated polio. That means we are good at the local public distribution of medicine.

India national polio plus organisation can guide India a strategy for COVID 19 vaccine distribution and implementation process.

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Q1. Vaccine development has been seeing a frenzied activity in the last 2/3 weeks.

Multiple institutions have been rushing to find a vaccine for corona virus. Oxford University, Russia and in India Bharat Biotech. All these are at various stages of trials and have invoked positive responses from around the world. What is interesting in all of this is also the unfortunate absence of humanitarianism which has instead been taken over by nationalism. This is a dangerous precedent being set considering that the pandemic has affected the world as a whole and this kind of jingoism can tilt the adminstration of such vaccines in favour of countries that are economically or militarily stronger than others. This could also consequently result in disparity in administration of doses among the haves and the have nots. This could be a disaster by itself considering that most poor people would be virtually excluded from such a program unless there is government intervention.

This is precisely why the Indian government needs to come up with a policy for procurement, administration and access to the vaccine. Because there are multiple considerations behind the process of acquiring these vaccines by various countries including geopolitical, legal and ethical implications.

Ethical considerations mainly revolve around the fact that access is determined by economics. This is unfair. Access has to be instead determined by ethics. Those who are in need of it more than the others need to get hold of is first. For example, frontline workers such as doctors, nurses and other healthcare professionals need it first.

Legal considerations in the Indian context include the centre state relations and the kind of coordination required for effectively implementing a vaccine program. Considering that the existing program will not suffice in ensuring access to vaccine on the magnitude and scale required currently, the government will have to look at other options for upscaling the process in a timely manner. This is because it requires the coordination of various Central and State agencies to implement such a program. It's not about the size alone but also about the bureaucratic process involved in such schemes.

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The prime minister of India has released the results of the fourth cycle of all India tiger estimation 2018 on the occasion of global tiger day 2019
According to results of tiger census
(a) total number of tiger in India has increased from 2226 in 2014 to 2967 in 2019 that is 33%in 4 years
(b) the target of doubling the tiger count four years ahead of the deadline of 2022 by India

TOP PERFORMERS
Madhya Pradesh saw the highest number of tiger (526) filled by Karnataka (524) and Uttarakhand (442)
Increased in tiger population
Madhya Pradesh 71%> Maharashtra 64%> Karnataka 29%
WORST PERFORMER
Chhattisgarh and Mizoram saw a decline in Tiger population

IMPORTANCE OF 2018-2019 tiger census
- every four years the national tiger conservation authority conducts a tiger census across India
- the 2018 tiger census uses more technology including a Mobile app named MSTrlPES for very first time to store information of the counting
- it also covers the north east India that was not included in previous census
- for the first time three neighbouring countries Bhutan, Nepal and Bangladesh helped in counting the number of tigers all across India , especially in the region of with mutual border
PROJECT TIGER AND NATIONAL TIGER CONSERVATION AUTHORITY
- project tiger was launched in 1973 with 9 tiger reserves for conserving our national animal , the tiger
- it is an ongoing centrally sponsored scheme of the ministry of environment , forests and climate change providing central assistance to the tiger states for tiger conservation in designated tiger reserves

NEED FOR TIGER CONSERVATION
(1) tigers are the top food chain and sometimes referred to as umbrella species
(2) that is their conservation also conserve many other species
(3) the tiger exercise that includes habitat assessment are prey estimation reflects the success or failure of tiger conservation efforts
- more than 70% of the world's wild tigers are in India and it's crucial to keep track of their number

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sir option c will be the right ans. regarding the question of ASCI

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As the world is racing towards developing a vaccine ..........................
The coronavirus pandemic has shook the global public health and economy.With the increasing number of cases many research institutions globally are putting their maximum efforts to develop a vaccine for coronavirus.While Oxford had developed a medical efficient medicine to treat the affected patients ,Russia claims to found the world's first COVID-19 vaccine and Russia's president declares their vaccine to be efficient and says his own daughter got vaccinated.
On this case , COVAXIN , India's indigenous COVID-19 vaccine by Bharat Biotech is developed in collaboration with the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - National Institute of Virology (NIV). The indigenous, inactivated vaccine is developed and manufactured in Bharat Biotech's BSL-3 (Bio-Safety Level 3) high containment facility.The vaccine received DCGI approval for Phase I & II Human Clinical Trials and the trials will commence across India from July, 2020.
With the world countries trying to show 'vaccine nationalism' i.e, when a country manages to secure doses of vaccine for its own citizens first before they made available in other countries,there is need for india to come up with a innovative strategy for vaccine procurement.Recognizing this type nationalism shown by many countries previously like by US bought the right to buy 600000 doses of vaccine during 2009 H1N1 flu pandemic , WHO officials warns against 'vaccine nationalism' and says "Global public health is borderless."To tackle this problem international institutions should try and work to ensure Equitable distribution.
 COVID VACCINE @ INDIA'S STRATEGY :
In this alarming situation ,India has to start putting in place an innovative strategy for vaccine procurement, delivery, and administration by considering logical and ethical dimensions to ensure medical and economic well-being of India.The government has to form a strategy that mainly focuses on the vulnerable population and should enforce strict policies to ensure equitable and affordable distribution of the vaccine and medicines.The following is the list of vulnerable and immediate targets that the government should focus on , they are :
1.Frontline workers: the frontline workers are those who are working in the close contact with the COVID patients and public like Doctors,Police officers,Sanitation workers etc...Ensuring their is very necessary so as to maintain undisturbed treatment, prevention and protection from coronavirus.
2.Old age population : due to weaken immunity system due to aging this section of the population is most vulnerable to coronavirus.
3.Children: to ensure their protection against virus and enable to progress with their studies i.e, to ensure safe reopening of educational institutions.
4.Remaining population : at this level the first target should be pregnant and lifestyle disease bearing people(BP and heart patients, thyroid patients , sugar and kidney malfunction patients etc...)
Following this logical and ethical pattern of vaccination will not only help in speedy recovery of the people but will also contribute to an early full-fledged restoring of nation's economic activities.The government have to focus mainly on availability,affordability and efficiency of both vaccine and under treatment medical supplies.

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2) Tigers are conspicuously one of the most magnificent creatures of the wild. It's considered as an endangered species in the IUCN red data book. Around 80% of the tiger population exist in India.

The current population of tigers in India is estimated around 3000 , but it was comparatively low in the 1970s. Excessive hunting and poaching of tigers made them almost extinct in the wild.

Project tiger was established in 1973 after the wildlife protection act of 1972. It was in this same year that tiger was declared as the national animal of our country. The National Tiger Conservatory Authority was established.

Project tiger was a failure untill 2005 even though it had legal backings of Forest conservation act, and wildlife protection act. The government of India took this issue seriously after all the tigers went extinct at the Sariska tiger reserve at Rajasthan.

The government faces a lot of challenges which stymied the activities.

1) Lack of political support and funding
2) Bureaucratic hurdles by the forest department and the state government.
3) Burgeoning urbanisation, devastation of Forest habitats for industrial and agricultural growth.
4) Extensive human interference in the core region of Forest by dwellers.
5) Excessive hunting and poaching
6) Fundings of Global Tiger Forum, Global Environment Facility and World Bank are heavily focused only on large tiger reserves.

The Manmohan Singh government enacted the Tiger Task Force which customised the NTCA. India have a wildlife tiger population capacity of around 15000. Even though the project tiger is progressing in it's aims a little boost is required for reaching the aspirations of Indian government.

Collaborative effort between the NTCA, State Forest Department, Non Governmental Organization, Civil society, local communities are mandatory for acheving the desired target.

Remodelling the structure of Project Tiger and establishing state and district level committees to monitor the protected areas.

The NTCA's burden had increased due to the responsibilities of the conservation of other threatened species like Snow leopard, Indian leopard etc..

But NCTA should break these shackles and work efficiently so as to achieve the aspired target.

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